Sonni ali 1492 christopher

Sonni Ali

First king of the Songhai Empire

Sunni Ali
Reign – November 6,
SuccessorSunni Baru
Reign –
PredecessorSunni Suleiman
SuccessorSunni Baru
Died
FatherSonni Muhammad Da'o
ReligionIslam

Sunni Ali, also known as Si Ali, Sunni Ali Ber (Ber meaning "the Great"),[2]reigned from about to as the 15th ruler of the Sunni dynasty of the Songhai Empire.

He transformed the relatively small state into an empire by conquering Timbuktu, Massina, the Inner Niger Delta, and Djenne.

Early life

Sunni Ali was born the son of Sonni Muhammad Da'o, who appears in the kinglists of the Tarikh al-Sudan and Tarikh al-Fattash as the 10th Sonni ruler.

His mother was from Fara, an area that was still heavily pagan, and Ali was raised in this milieu. As a Sonni, he also received an Islamic education, but practiced a syncretic, unorthodox faith.

Reign

Upon Sunni Ali's accession, the Songhay already controlled the Niger river basin from Dendi to Mema.

His first major conquest was the ancient city of Timbuktu. Controlled by the Tuaregs since the Malian retreat a few decades earlier, in the Timbuktu-koi 'Umar asked for Songhai protection.

Sonni ali 1492 christopher cross: When he died, 12 "tribes" of enslaved people were bequeathed to his son, at least three of which had been obtained when Sonni Ali initially conquered parts of the old Mali empire. The region was the best for breeding horses in Africa south of the Sahara. Sunni Ali was succeeded by his son, Sunni Baru. The city was placed under siege, with the fleet blockading the port.

He conducted a repressive policy against the scholars of Timbuktu who he saw as associated with the Tuareg.

Sunni Ali organized a powerful fleet on the Niger river, and in used it to lay siege to Djenne, which surrendered only after being reduced to starvation. In order to bring his fleet to bear in an attempt to conquer Walata, he tried to dig a canal hundreds of kilometers to the town from Ras el Ma.

In he had to abandon this project, however, to defeat an invasion by the Mossi people.[5] He also conquered the lands of the Sanhaja called Nunu. He conquered the lands of Kunta and was determined to seize the lands of Borgu but was unable to.[6]

Domestic policies

In addition to external enemies, Sunni Ali fought campaigns against the Fulani of Massina and other nomadic peoples raiding within his borders.

His main capital was Gao, but he was also based at Kukiya, Kabara, and Tindirma at different times depending on where he was campaigning.[8] Sunni Ali ruled over both urban Muslims and rural non-Muslims at a time when the traditional co-existence of different beliefs was being challenged. His adherence to African animism while also professing Islam leads some writers to describe him as outwardly or nominally Muslim.[9] Funeal stelae from Kukiya, however, cast some doubt on the chroniclers criticism of Sunni Ali, as they were writing on behalf of the Askias who had overthrown the Sunni dynasty.[10]

Death and succession

His death, on November 6, , is a matter of conjecture.

According to the Tarikh al-Sudan, Ali drowned while crossing the Niger River.[9] Oral tradition believes he was killed by his sister's son, Askia Muhammad Ture.[11] Sonni Ali's son, Sunni Baru, was immediately proclaimed king of Songhay by the army commanders, but he was challenged by Askia because Baru was not seen as a faithful Muslim.[12] Askia eventually defeated Sunni Baru and took power.

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  • History of the Songhai Empire - AfroHistory

    • References

    1. ^Walker, Robin (). The West African empire of Songhai in 10 easy lessons&#;: introduction to black history. Siaf Millar. Birmingham: Concept Learning Ltd. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
    2. ^Kane, Oumar (). "La Formation du Royaume Jaalalo du Kingi par Tenghella".

      Sonni ali 1492 christopher lee He was the 15th consecutive ruler of the Sonni dynasty, which had begun in His army included well-armed cavalry force. Sunni Ali announced himself publicly as a Muslim, however, his action dictate otherwise. Oral tradition claims he was poisoned by Muhammad Ture, one of his commanders.

      In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.). Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle (in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. p.&#;

    3. ^
    4. ^Hunwick, John O. (). "Songhay: an Interpretive Essay". Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to and other contemporary documents.

      Sonni ali 1492 christopher columbus This focus on agriculture and trade contributed to economic growth, making Songhai a major player in regional commerce. World History: Patterns of Interaction. The History of the Formation of South Africa. Discuss the impact of Sonni Ali's policies on agriculture and trade within the Songhai Empire.

      Leiden: Brill. p.&#;xxxviii. ISBN&#;.

    5. ^ abSaʻdī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʻAbd Allāh (). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire&#;: Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to , and other contemporary documents.

      Sonni ali 1492 christopher When he died, 12 "tribes" of enslaved people were bequeathed to his son, at least three of which had been obtained when Sonni Ali initially conquered parts of the old Mali empire. Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment. Sunni Ali announced himself publicly as a Muslim, however, his action dictate otherwise. Germany surpassed the home of the i

      John O. Hunwick. Leiden: Brill. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

    6. ^Conrad, David ().

    7. Sonni ali 1492 christopher cross
    8. Sonni ali 1492 christopher miller
    9. Sonni ali 1492 christopher drive

      10. "Review of Arabic Medieval Inscriptions from the Republic of Mali: Epigraphy, Chronicles, and Songhay-Tuareg History, by P. F. de Moraes Farias". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 38 (1): – JSTOR&#; Retrieved 26 March

    10. ^Lipschutz, Mark R. (). Dictionary of African historical biography.

      R. Kent Rasmussen (2nd ed., expanded and updated&#;ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

    11. ^Ohaegbulam, Festus Ugboaja ().

      Sonni ali 1492 christopher green Related Terms. Popular Posts This Week. Although Songhai had once paid tribute to the rulers of Mali , the Mali Empire was now crumbling and the time was right for Sonni Ali to lead his kingdom through a series of conquests at the old empire's expense. Plots were hatched against his rule.

      Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. University Press of America. ISBN&#;.

    Sources

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